Events in Sports History in 1991

Events 1 - 200 of 368

  • Jan 1 20th Fiesta Bowl: #18 Louisville beats #25 Alabama, 34-7
  • Jan 1 57th Orange Bowl: #1 Colorado beats #5 Notre Dame, 10-9
  • Jan 1 57th Sugar Bowl: #6 Tennessee beats Virginia, 23-22
  • Jan 1 77th Rose Bowl: #8 Washington beats #17 Iowa, 46-34

Gretsky Youngest to 700

Jan 3 Wayne Gretzky becomes fastest and youngest player in NHL history to score 700 goals (886 games at age 29 years, 342 days) in LA Kings’ 6-3 win over the NY Islanders at the Nassau Veteran Memorial Coliseum

  • Jan 4 12-year-old Chinese diver Fu Mingxia wins 10m platform gold medal at World Swimming Championships in Perth, Australia; youngest world champion in the history of any aquatic event
  • Jan 4 Hopman Cup Tennis, Perth: Goran Prpić beats American David Wheaton 4-6, 6-3, 7-5 for an unassailable 2-0 lead, (ends 2-1) and Yugoslavia's first title
  • Jan 5 Kevin Bradshaw of US Intl scores NCAA Div 1 record 72 pts
  • Jan 6 Portland Trail Blazers beat the Seattle SuperSonics, 114-111 before a sellout crowd at the Portland Memorial Coliseum; marks the Blazers' 600th consecutive sellout at home
  • Jan 8 Tamas Darnyi swims world record 400m medley (4:12.36)

Pete Rose Banned

Jan 9 Baseball officially bans Pete Rose from being elected to Hall of Fame for betting on baseball

Jordan Reaches 15,000 Points

Jan 9 Chicago's Michael Jordan scores a game-high 40 points to lead the Bulls to a 107-99 win over Philadelphia at the Spectrum; reaches the 15,000 point mark of his career

  • Jan 9 Dean Smith of NC is 6th to win 700 career coaching basketball games
  • Jan 11 Ben Johnson's 1st race after being stripped of his 1988 Olympic Gold medal for steroid use, he finishes 2nd
  • Jan 12 Largest crowd to watch Atlantic Coast Women's Basketball game (11,520)
  • Jan 12 Melvin Stewart swims world record 200 m butterfly (1:55.69)
  • Jan 13 Football fans of the Kaizer Chiefs and Orlando Pirates clash in Orkney, South Africa leading to a riot and 42 deaths in the Oppenheimer Stadium disaster
  • Jan 15 Dean Jones (76) and Mark Taylor (71) lead Australia to 7 wicket win over New Zealand in cricket's World Series Cup 2nd Final in Melbourne; win series, 2-0
  • Jan 17 Andy Van Hellemond sets NHL record for most games worked by a referee when he appears in his 1,173rd regular season encounter as the St. Louis Blues host the Montreal Canadiens

The Longest Match

Jan 18 Longest tennis match at the Australian Open, Boris Becker beats Italy's Omar Camporese in 5 hours & 11 mins

  • Jan 18 WLAF's NY Knights become NY-NJ Knights
  • Jan 19 42nd NHL All-Star Game, Chicago Stadium, Chicago, IL: Campbell beats Wales, 11-5; Vincent Damphousse, Toronto Maple Leafs, C
  • Jan 20 AFC Championship, Rich Stadium, Orchard Park, NY: Buffalo Bills beat Los Angeles Raiders, 51-3
  • Jan 20 NFC Championship, Candlestick Park, SF: New York Giants beat San Francisco 49ers, 15-13
  • Jan 20 Paul Chihara and John Driver's musical "Shogun - The Musical", based on James Clavell's novel, closes at Marquis Theater, NYC, after 72 performances
  • Jan 21 Sacramento's Dick Motta coaches in his 1,648th regular season game, a 97-94 Kings' victory over Houston; at the time an NBA record for the most regular-season coaching appearances
  • Jan 25 Mark Waugh scores ton in 1st Test Cricket innings, v England Adelaide

Hull's 50 Points Record

Jan 25 St. Louis right wing Brett Hull scores twice in Blues' 9-4 win at Detroit, to give him 50 goals in 49 games; becomes 3rd player in NHL history with 50 goals in less than 50 games

Seles Beats Novotná

Jan 26 Australian Open Women's Tennis: Monica Seles becomes the only Yugoslav player – male or female – to win a Grand Slam singles title; beats Jana Novotná 5-7, 6-3, 6-1

  • Jan 26 Jan Stenerud becomes 1st pure placekicker to make NFL Hall of Fame
  • Jan 27 Australian Open Men's Tennis: Boris Becker of Germany wins his 1st Australian title; beats Ivan Lendl 1-6, 6-4, 6-4, 6-4
  • Jan 27 Super Bowl XXV, Tampa Stadium, Tampa, FL: New York Giants beat Buffalo Bills, 20-19; MVP: Ottis Anderson, NY Giants, RB

Boon's 9th Test Century

Jan 28 David Boon completes ninth Test century, 121 v England at Adelaide

  • Jan 31 Denver Nuggets Michael Adams becomes shortest NBAer to get a triple-double
  • Feb 1 Australian cricket fast bowler Craig McDermott sets up a 9 wicket, 5th Test win over England with a career best 8-97 in Perth
  • Feb 3 NFL Pro Bowl, Aloha Stadium, Honolulu, HI: AFC beats NFC, 23-21; MVP: Jim Kelly, Buffalo Bills, QB
  • Feb 4 Baseball's Hall of Fame board of directors vote 12-0 to bar Pete Rose, due to his betting on games while a player and manager

Record 467 Stand

Feb 4 NZ cricketers Martin Crowe and Andrew Jones make a world record 467 run stand, against Sri Lanka at the Basin Reserve in Wellington

Stern Kisses Marshall

Feb 5 Howard Stern kisses NY Giant Leonard Marshall's ass over bet, Stern lost claiming the Giants would lose the Super Bowl

  • Feb 5 LA King Dave Taylor becomes 29th NHler to score 1000 points

NBA Hall of Fame

Feb 7 Bob Knight, Larry O'Brien, Tiny Archibald, Dave Cowens, Harry Gallatin & Larry Fleisher elected to NBA Hall of Fame

Clemens Signs Contract

Feb 8 Roger Clemens signs record $5,380,250 per year Red Sox contract

  • Feb 9 Johann Olav Koss skates world record 5k (6:41:73)

Norris vs. Leonard

Feb 9 Terry Norris knocks down Sugar Ray Leonard twice and beats him to defend his WBC Super Welterweight title

41st NBA All-Star Game

Feb 10 41st NBA All-Star Game, Charlotte Coliseum, Charlotte, NC: East beats West, 116-114; Charles Barkley, Philadelphia 76ers, F

  • Feb 15 Troy State sets NCAA Div II record with 103 points in 2nd half routing DeVry Institute 187-117

Sports History

Feb 16 US female Figure Skating championship won by Tonya Harding

  • Feb 17 33rd Daytona 500: Ernie Irvan, driving for Morgan-McClure Motorsports coasts to win after challengers crash on finals laps

Sports History

Feb 17 US male Figure Skating championship won by Todd Eldredge

Sports History

Feb 18 Edmonton Oiler goalie Grant Fuhr returns to NHL after season-long suspension for substance abuse & shuts out NJ Devils 4-0

Cricket Debut

Feb 22 Test Cricket debut of Sanath Jayasuriya, vs NZ at Hamilton

  • Feb 23 NC is 1st NCAA basketball team to win 1,500 games
  • Feb 24 End of World League of American Football's (WLAF) 1st draft
  • Feb 25 Andrew Jones scores twin Test Cricket tons v Sri Lanka (122 & 100*)
  • Feb 25 Businessman Bruce McNall, hockey legend Wayne Gretzky and actor John Candy buy CFL's Toronto Argonauts
  • Feb 26 Asanka Gurusinha scores twin Test Cricket tons v NZ (119 & 102)
  • Feb 26 NY-NJ Knights (WLAF) players 1st come together

Sports History

Feb 28 New York Yankees Don Mattingly named 10th team captain

Sports History

Mar 1 37 year-old Pat Day becomes the 6th jockey in history whose mounts earned $100 million when he rides Wild Sierra to 2nd-place in the 1st race at Oaklawn Park, Arkansas

  • Mar 2 NC State point guard Chris Corchiani becomes 1st NCAA Div I player to record 1,000 career assists in a 89-84 loss to Wake Forest
  • Mar 2 St. Louis right wing Brett Hull becomes a 70-goal scorer for the 2nd straight season and has 3 assists to help the Blues earn a 4-4 tie in Philadelphia; finishes season with NHL career-best 86 goals
  • Mar 3 David Boon completes 10th Test Cricket century, 109* v WI at Kingston
  • Mar 5 Reggie Miller (Indiana Pacers) begins NBA free throw streak of 52 games
  • Mar 9 Joe Dumaars (Detroit) begins NBA free throw streak of 62 games
  • Mar 10 12th Big East Men's Basketball Tournament: Seton Hall beats Georgetown, 74-62
  • Mar 10 32nd SEC Men's Basketball Tournament: Alabama beats Tennessee, 88-69
  • Mar 10 38th ACC Men's Basketball Tournament: #7 North Carolina beats #6 Duke, 96-74
  • Mar 10 Eddie Sutton is 1st NCAA coach to lead 4 schools into playoffs
  • Mar 11 John Smith, US amateur wrestler, wins James E Sullivan Award
  • Mar 11 Monica Seles ends Steffi Graf's streak of 186 weeks ranked as #1
  • Mar 14 Ice Dance Championship at Munich won by Isabel & Phil Duchesnay (FRA)

Sports History

Mar 14 Men's Figure Skating Championship in Munich won by Kurt Browning (CAN)

  • Mar 15 Sergei Bubka pole vaults world record 6.14m (20 feet 1 3/4)
  • Mar 16 England beats France, 21-19 at Twickenham for it's 19th outright Five Nations Rugby Championship, 9th Grand Slam and 16th Triple Crown; fullback Simon Hodgkinson 4 penalties and a conversion
  • Mar 16 NJ Net coach Bill Fitch is 4th coach to win 800 NBA games

Sports History

Mar 16 Worlds Ladies' Figure Skating Champ in Munich won by Kristi Yamaguchi

Sports History

Mar 18 Mike Tyson beats Razor Ruddock in the 7th round

Sports History

Mar 18 Philadelphia '76ers retires Wilt Chamberlain's #13 jersey

  • Mar 18 Reggie Miller (Indiana Pacers) ends NBA free throw streak of 52 games

Sports History

Mar 19 KC Royals announce they are putting Bo Jackson on waivers

Super Bowl

Mar 19 NFL owners strip Phoenix of the 1993 Super Bowl game due to Arizona not recognizing federal holiday Martin Luther King Jr. Day

  • Mar 19 Sacramento Kings set NBA record of 29 consecutive road loses
  • Mar 19 St Louis Blues Brett Hull is 3rd NHLer to score 80 goals in a season
  • Mar 21 Quebec Nordiques goaltender Ron Tugnutt sets NHL modern-day record for most saves in a regular season non-loss game (70 of 73 shots in 3-3 tie with the Boston Bruins
  • Mar 23 1st World League of American Football games, London beats Frankfurt 24-11, Sacramento beats Raleigh-Dur 9-3 & Mont beats Birmingham 20-5
  • Mar 23 Sergei Bubka pole vaults world record indoor (6.12m)

Sports History

Mar 24 Ayrton Senna wins the Brazilian Grand Prix for the 1st time, at Interlagos, São Paulo

  • Mar 24 Barcelona Dragons beat NY/NJ Knights 19-7 in their 1st WLAF game
  • Mar 24 NY Yankees beat NY Mets, 9-3

Sports History

Mar 25 Allan Border takes 5-68 v WI at Bourda (!), Georgetown

  • Mar 26 Orlando Thunder beats San Antonio Riders in their 1st WLAF game 35-34
  • Mar 26 Victoria beat NSW by 7 wickets to win Sheffield Shield Final
  • Mar 27 NCAA bans U of Minn football team from postseason play in 1992

Hockey Hall of Fame

Mar 27 Scotty Bowman inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame as a "builder" of the game

  • Mar 28 Mike Tyson admits paternity in Manhattan Family Court to Kimberly Scarborough's infant daughter
  • Mar 30 1st exhibition baseball games at Joe Robbie Stadium (Yanks-Orioles)
  • Mar 30 Northern Michigan wins its 1st NCAA hockey title
  • Mar 31 10th NCAA Women's Basketball Championship: Tennessee beats Virginia, 70-67; first overtime win in the NCAA's 10-year history

Golf Major

Mar 31 Nabisco Dinah Shore Women's Golf, Mission Hills CC: Amy Alcott breaks her own scoring record to win her 3rd DS by 8 strokes over Dottie Pepper; her 5th major title, and 29th & final LPGA Tour win

PGA Players Championship

Mar 31 PGA Players Championship, TPC at Sawgrass: Australian Steve Elkington birdies final hole to win by 1 stroke ahead of runner-up Fuzzy Zoeller

  • Mar 31 St. Louis Blues' future Hockey Hall of Fame right wing Brett Hull scores his 86th goal of the season in a 2-1 win over Minnesota North Stars; 3rd best total in NHL history
  • Apr 1 53rd NCAA Men's Basketball Championship: Duke beats Kansas, 72-65; Blue Devils' first title; power forward Christian Laettner MOP
  • Apr 3 Bo Jackson signs 1-year contract with Chicago White Sox
  • Apr 5 Detroit Pistons Joe Dumaars ends NBA free throw streak of 62 games
  • Apr 6 145th Grand National: In Canadian distillery Seagram's final year of race sponsorship, New Zealand-bred chestnut gelding Seagram wins, ridden by Nigel Hawke

Sports History

Apr 6 Argentine soccer star Diego Maradona suspended for 15 months by Italian League for testing positive for cocaine use

Golf Tournament

Apr 7 Tradition Senior Men's Golf, GC at Desert Mountain: Jack Nicklaus wins his second of 4 event titles by 1 stroke from Jim Colbert, Jim Dent & Phil Rodgers

Sports History

Apr 8 Jockey Bill Shoemaker paralyzed in a car accident

  • Apr 8 Major league umpires & baseball reach a 4-year agreement
  • Apr 8 Oakland A's stadium becomes 1st outdoor arena in USA to ban smoking
  • Apr 10 LA King Wayne Gretzky scores NHL record 93rd playoff goal
  • Apr 10 Martin Zubero swims world record 200m backstroke (1:52.51)
  • Apr 14 55th US Masters Tournament, Augusta National GC: Welshman Ian Woosnam wins his only major title, 1 stroke ahead of José María Olazábal; 4th straight year the Masters champion is from the UK
  • Apr 14 Chic Blackhawks becomes 1st NHL regular season champion in 20 years to lose in 1st round of the playoffs (To Minn North Stars)
  • Apr 15 95th Boston Marathon: Ibrahim Hussein of Kenya wins his 2nd men's title in 2:11:06; Wanda Panfil of Poland woman's champion in 2:24:18

NBA Record

Apr 15 Magic Johnson sets NBA record for career assists with 9,898

  • Apr 15 Sacramento Kings set NBA record, losing 35th consecutive game on road
  • Apr 16 St Louis Blues becomes 8th NHL team in Play-off to come back from a 3-1 deficit as they beat the Detroit Red Wings 3-2 in game 7

NBA Record

Apr 18 John Stockton breaks his own NBA season assist record at 1,136

Boxing Title Fight

Apr 19 Evander Holyfield beats George Foreman in 12 for heavyweight boxing title

  • Apr 20 Mark Lenzi is 1st diver to score 100 pts on a dive (101.85)
  • Apr 21 Jakov Tolstikov wins 4th World Cup marathon (2:09:17)
  • Apr 21 NFL Draft: University of Miami defensive tackle Russell Maryland first pick by Dallas Cowboys

Sports History

Apr 21 Rosa Mota wins 4th World Cup female marathon (2:26:14)

  • Apr 21 Senior PGA Championship, PGA National GC: Jack Nicklaus wins his 4th of 8 Champions Tour majors by 6 strokes from Bruce Crampton of Australia
  • Apr 22 Frank Thomas is 1st White Sox to homer at new Comiskey Park

Sports History

Apr 23 Björn Borg loses 6-2, 6-3 to Jordi Arrese after an 8 year lay off without practising or playing any exhibition matches

  • Apr 23 Outstanding West Indian cricket opening batsman Gordon Greenidge scores 226 in his final Test innings at home in Bridgetown, Barbados; WI win 4th Test v Australia by 343 runs
  • Apr 25 Boston Herald journalist Lisa Olson brings suit against NFL New England Patriots for sexual harassment while covering team; an out-of-court settlement was reached, the league fines the team, and she transfers to a position in Sydney, Australia
  • Apr 26 Soccer star Diego Maradona, suspended for using cocaine, arrested in Argentina for possession & distribution of illegal narcotics

Baseball Record

May 1 A's outfielder Rickey Henderson steals all time MLB record 939th base in 7-4 win vs New York Yankees in Oakland

Baseball Record

May 1 Texas Rangers starter Nolan Ryan pitches MLB record 7th no hitter; beats Toronto, 3-0; at 44, Ryan is oldest to throw no-hitter

  • May 1 West Indian batsman Gordon Greenidge plays his last Test cricket innings, scoring 43 vs Australia in Antigua; 7,558 runs @ 44.72; 19 x 100s

Sports History

May 3 Future Hockey HOF right wing Cam Neely injures knee on a cheap shot by Ulf Samuelsson in Wales Conference Finals; injury limits him to only 162 games for remainder of NHL career; retires at 31

  • May 4 117th Kentucky Derby: Chris Antley wins aboard Strike the Gold, the first of 2 Derby victories
  • May 4 NY Mets M Sasser & Mark Carreon are 8th to hit consecutive pinch HRs
  • May 6 Phillie Lenny Dykstra slams his sports car into 2 trees
  • May 6 Seppo Raty of Finland sets javelin record to 301' 9"
  • May 7 Haryana beat Bombay in the Ranji Cricket Trophy final by 2 runs
  • May 10 NHL Clarence Campbell Conference Final: Minnesota North Stars beat Edmonton Oilers, 4 games to 1

Sports History

May 10 Oakland A's Jose Canseco is seen leaving singer Madonna's apartment

  • May 11 NHL Prince of Wales Conference Final: Pittsburgh Penguins beat Boston Bruins, 4 games to 2
  • May 13 Yankee Stadium fans sing "Like a Virgin" to Jose Canseco
  • May 15 Manchester United of England win 31th European Cup Winner's Cup against FC Barcelona 2-1 in Rotterdam
  • May 15 Red Sox & White Sox play then slowest 9 inning game (4:11)

Sports History

May 15 US President George H. W. Bush takes Queen Elizabeth to Oakland A's-Baltimore Oriole game

  • May 18 116th Preakness: Jerry Bailey aboard Hansel wins in 1:54
  • May 19 Willy T. Ribbs overcomes numerous mechanical problems in qualifying to become first African-American driver to make Indianapolis 500 starting grid
  • May 20 Chicago Bull Michael Jordan, named NBA's MVP
  • May 20 Jeff Reardon gains his 300th career save
  • May 22 NFL Owners agree to add 2 teams in 1994
  • May 23 Philadelphia Phillies pitcher Tommy Greene no-hits Montreal Expos, 2-0
  • May 23 San Diego Sockers win 4th consecutive Major Soccer League championship
  • May 25 Stanley Cup Final, Metropolitan Sports Center, Bloomington, MN: Pittsburgh Penguins beat Minnesota North Stars, 8-0 for a 4-2 series win; Penguins' first Final series appearance

Indy 500

May 26 Indianapolis 500: Rick Mears wins from pole, becoming the third 4-time winner (joins A. J. Foyt and Al Unser); record 6th career pole position for Mears

  • May 29 35th European Cup: Red Star Belgrade beats Marseille (0-0, 5-3 on penalties) at Bari
  • Jun 2 Seppo Raty of Finland improves his world javelin record to 318' 1"
  • Jun 3 MLB Draft: East Carteret HS pitcher Brien Taylor first pick by New York Yankees

Boxing Title Fight

Jun 3 Thomas Hearns captures WBA light heavyweight title

  • Jun 6 Albert Belle is shipped to minors for not running out a ground ball
  • Jun 6 Test Cricket debut of Graeme Hick, v West Indies at Headingley
  • Jun 8 123rd Belmont: Jerry Bailey aboard Hansel wins in 2:28
  • Jun 8 Former NY Jet Mark Gastineau wins 1st pro boxing fight in 12 seconds
  • Jun 8 French Open Women's Tennis: Defending champion Monica Seles beats Arantxa Sánchez Vicario of Spain 6-3, 6-4
  • Jun 9 1st WLAF World Bowl, Wembley Stadium, London: London Monarchs beat Barcelona Dragons, 21-0

French Open Men's Tennis

Jun 9 French Open Men's Tennis: Jim Courier wins first career Grand Slam title; beats fellow American Andre Agassi 3-6, 6-4, 2-6, 6-1, 6-4

Senior Players Championship

Jun 9 Senior Players Championship Men's Golf, TPC of Michigan: Jim Albus wins his only career major title by 3 strokes from New Zealander Bob Charles, Charles Coody and Dave Hill

  • Jun 12 NBA Finals: Chicago Bulls beat LA Lakers, 108-101 in Game 5 for first of 3 straight titles; MVP: Michael Jordan in his first NBA Finals appearance
  • Jun 13 A spectator is killed by lightning at US Open Golf tournament
  • Jun 13 NHL owners present contract to players (leads to Apr 1, 1992 strike)
  • Jun 13 The National, 1st all-sports daily newspaper, ceases publication
  • Jun 14 Leroy Burrell of USA sets 100m record (9.90) in NYC
  • Jun 16 Minnesota Twins win a team record 15 games in a row
  • Jun 16 With 3 runs in 9th, Baltimore Orioles end Minnesota Twins 15 game winning streak, with 6-5 win

US Golf Open

Jun 17 US Open Golf, Hazeline National GC: Payne Stewart wins a Monday playoff with 1987 champion Scott Simpson

  • Jun 18 SF Giant pitcher Dave Dravecky's cancerous left arm is amputated
  • Jun 18 Yankee pitchers pick-off 3 Toronto Blue Jays
  • Jun 19 NY Yankee Steve Howe records his 1st major league save since 1987

Hockey Hall of Fame

Jun 21 New York Islanders Denis Potvin and Mike Bossy are elected to the Hockey Hall of Fame

Sports History

Jun 22 NHL Draft: Oshawa Generals center Eric Lindros first pick by Quebec Nordiques

  • Jun 23 Mazda becomes 1st Japanese car to capture Le Mans 24 hour race
  • Jun 24 NHL adopts instant-replay and tenth of second clock in final minute

Sports History

Jun 25 Martina Navratilova wins record 100th singles match at Wimbledon, beating Elna Reinach of South Africa 4-6, 6-2, 6-4 in the 1st round

  • Jun 26 NBA Draft: UNLV power forward Larry Johnson first pick by Charlotte Hornets

Sports History

Jun 29 With a world ranking of 591, Englishman Nick Brown upsets 10th-seeded (and 2001 champion) Goran Ivanišević 4-6, 6-3, 7-6, 6-3 in the 2nd round at Wimbledon

LPGA Championship

Jun 30 LPGA Championship Women's Golf, Bethesda CC: Meg Mallon wins her first major title by 1 stroke ahead of runners-up Pat Bradley and Ayako Okamoto

  • Jul 3 Gateway Board of Trustees approve a 20-year lease for the Cleveland Indians to play MLB at Jacobs Field
  • Jul 5 American jockey Ray Sibille wins his 3,000th career race, aboard Sporting Surf at Pleasanton, California
  • Jul 5 MLB owners approve Colorado Rockies and Florida Marlins as new NL franchises to start play in 1993

Wimbledon Women's Tennis

Jul 6 Wimbledon Women's Tennis Open: Steffi Graf beats Gabriela Sabatini of Argentina 6-4, 3-6, 8-6 for her 3rd Wimbledon crown

  • Jul 7 Wimbledon Men's Tennis: In the first ever all-German final Michael Stich beats Boris Becker 6-4, 7-6, 6-4
  • Jul 8 Major league umpire Steve Palermo and former NFL defensive lineman Terence Mann shot trying to help 2 waitresses from being robbed
  • Jul 8 Pitts Pirate President Carl Barger becomes 1st President of Florida Marlins
  • Jul 9 62nd All Star Baseball Game: AL wins 4-2 at SkyDome, Toronto

Sports History

Jul 9 All star MVP: Cal Ripken Jr (Baltimore Orioles)

  • Jul 9 South Africa re-admitted to Olympics
  • Jul 11 Calumet Farm, home to 8 Kentucky Derby winners, files bankruptcy
  • Jul 13 Bob Milacki & 3 other Baltimore Oriole pitchers no-hit A's 2-0